Clay plays in addition a central role for wellbore stability chapter 8. Journal of petroleum science and engineering 2020, 107029. High performance polyamine drilling fluid system polyamine inhibitor a water soluble polymer amine shale inhibitor, the dissociate amino groups with the same size of clay interlayer spacing, it can be embedded into the crystal layer with excellent inhibition of clay hydration and swelling effect, it is conducive to maintaining wellbore. The low ph desco deflocculant drilling fluid system. In the rotary system of drilling, a drilling fluid or drilling mud is maintained in the. Spe 74557 chemical osmosis, shale, and drilling fluids 3 fig. The cuttings created by the reamer are exposed to both water in your drilling fluid and groundwater. Clay chemistry structure of clays wed, 24 sep 2014 drilling fluids clays are minerals which in the presence of water and agitation will adsorb water and break up into colloidalsized particles. The latter are recommended especially for clay formations where this density should be suffi cient for drilling. Clay chemistry bentonite, illite, montmorillonite mystery. This research aims to develop low cost, sustainable, environmentally friendly, and high performance waterbased drilling fluids wdfs using bentonite bt, polyanionic cellulose pac, and cellulose nanocrystals cncs. Ddrilling, completionrilling, completion aand workover. When clay swells, the ability of the clay containing land to permit the passage of liquids, drilling or fracturing fluids as well as hydrocarbons, is diminished, impeding production. Jan 19, 2019 hale ah 1998 well drilling fluids and process for drilling wells.
Feb 17, 2020 when the clay aggregation platelet does not hydrate, the state is the same as it is in the sack. High levels of soluble calcium are used to control slough. For example, historically the drilling fluid costs to drill a well have averaged around 7% of the overall cost of the well, before completion. At the beginning of the 1950s, many soil mechanics experts were interested in the swelling of clays, which are important for maintaining wellbore stability during drilling, especially in watersensitive shale and clay formations. Us6803346b1 antiaccretion additives for drilling fluids. A variety of drilling fluids were designed to study the effect of mud cakes on the entrance of the low. Drilling fluid definition is a mixture of clay and other chemicals with oil or water that is circulated around the drill bit in oilwell drilling in order to lubricate and cool the bit, flush rock cuttings to the surface, and plaster the side of the well to prevent caveins.
View notes lec 10 from petroleum 382 at university of louisiana, lafayette. Generally, higher surface area indicates higher reactivity. The upstream segment of the industry is dominated by drilling completion engineers. Some clays, such as montmorillonite, have the tendency to swell when exposed to water, creating a potential drilling hazard when clay bearing rock formations are exposed to waterbase fluids during drilling, possibly reducing the permeability of a good reservoir rock. The mud school objective is to address the basics of drilling fluid technology. They provide primary well control of subsurface pressures by a combination of density and any additional pressure acting on the fluid column annular or surface imposed. Pdf performance evaluation of abia clay with natural polymers in. Introduction international association of drilling.
It is only within the past 10 years that serious attempt appears to havebeen made to improve rotary drilling fluids by the application of theprinciples of colloid chemistry, although the use of chemicals to control therheological properties of clay. To be effective, you need to start with a solid job design and the right drilling fluid. Research of rheological parameters of the drilling muds developed was made by fann viscometer, model 35 sa usa and the vsn3 rotational viscometer russia. Surface chemistry and rheology of slurries of kaolinite and. Performances and environmental considerations 231 fluid density density is the first parameter to consider. Towards the design of new and improved drilling fluid. Performadril waterbased drilling system halliburton. For desired densities greater or lower than 1, wbm or obm can be used, respectively. Mud has many functions, the single most important one is to remove the cuttings a away from under the bit and b transport them from the bottom to the surface.
The classification of drilling muds is based on their fluid phase alkalinity, dispersion, and the type of chemicals used in their formulation. Mud engineering this chapter covers the following items. The chemistry of drilling fluids and completion fluids have a profound effect on the success of a well. The drilling fluid technologist should have a basic knowledge of fluid mechanics, colloid chemistry and clay mineralogy, because clays form colloidal suspensions in water, and also because a number of organic colloids are used in drilling fluids.
The additives are based on phosphonate chemistry, and are of the general class i, wherein r, r. Pipe, rock bit and annular friction pressure loss has high importance for several tasks. The bentonite in the flush fluid lubricates and cools the cutting tools while protecting against corrosion. Use of clay in drilling fluids the clay minerals society. Clay mineralogy and the colloid chemistry of drilling fluids. Clay and shale stabilization to reduce swelling andor disintegration viscosity development in fresh water drilling fluids enhanced lubricity for reduction of rotational torque and drag reduction of the ability of clay or shale to adhere to bit, reamer and drill string development of a clay free drilling fluid. Designing and managing drilling fluid disk 2 schlumberger. Additives for drilling fluids, in particular for waterbased drilling fluids are described which when added to the fluid at levels of up to 10% weight by volume reduces the accretion and bitballing tendencies of shale cuttings exposed to said fluids. This api bentonite is used in the formulation of drilling fluids. Associating copolymer acrylamidediallyldimethylammonium. Use of clay in drilling fluids the rotary method of drilling. Drilling grade attapulgite clay is a naturally occurring clay mineral. The physical and chemical changes of both drilled formation and drilling fluid during the drilling process are studied.
In this instance, the ion is controlling the swelling of clays and is referred to as inhibition. The chemistry of this type of healing clay reveals many similarities to the smectites, although the two clays are truly strikingly different. Accordingly, both common natural forms of bentonite are used by foundries. A drilling fluids whose continuous phase is composed of one or more fluids produced by the reaction of specific purified chemical feedstock. The chemistry of drilling fluids and completion fluids. Drilling fluid is any fluid that is used in a drilling operation in which that fluid is circulated or pumped from the surface, down the drill string, through the bit and back to the surface via the annulus.
A poorly designed and improperly controlled drilling fluid process results in invasion of mud to geologic materials that can cause damage to the borehole and to cores, as well as affecting the chemical composition of ground water samples collected from the well. Drilling fluid definition of drilling fluid by merriamwebster. This present paper highlights the effectiveness of molecular dynamics md simulation techniques in the design of improved swelling inhibitors for use in waterbased drilling fluids wbdfs. By studying the composition and performance of drilling fluid and its control and adjustment, high quality, fast, safe, and economic drilling can be achieved.
It is believed that the study of clay water chemistry with respect to drilling fluids is of value at the present and will continue to be so in the future, although some recent trade literature implies that oil phase drilling fluids solve all our drilling problems. Clay chemistry is an applied subdiscipline of chemistry which studies the chemical structures, properties and reactions of or involving clays and clay minerals. Effect of kaolinite clay on properties of drilling mud. Since drilling fluid is required to perform a variety of functions, it is important to know why and how it can be such an effective tool and, at the fundamental level, it really is all about chemistry. Lifeblood of the well in 1900, while drilling an oil well in spindletop, texas, workers ran a herd of cattle through a pit filled with water. It is only within the past 10 years that serious attempt appears to havebeen made to improve rotary drilling fluids by the application of theprinciples of colloid chemistry, although the use of chemicals to control therheological properties of clay slips has long been known in the ceramicindustry. Department of chemistry, south road, durham dh1 3le, united kingdom 2centre for computational science, department of chemistry, university college london 20 gordon street, london wc1h 0aj, united kingdom. Drilling fluids are still called mud, but engineers no longer rely only on water and clay. Drilling fluids must possess optimal rheological properties, such as shear thinning and thixotropy, and the key materials to control these properties for clay free and waterbased drilling fluids cfwbdfs are organic polymers. Iadc drilling manual introduction drilling fluids are fluids that are used during the drilling of.
In these cases, the surface chemistry microstructureproperty relationships of mixed clay suspensions must be fully understood. Colloid chemistry of clay drilling fluids onepetro. As the drilling fluid generates hydrostatic pressure in the borehole, it hinders fluid and gas penetration. Drilling and completion fluids baker hughes, a ge company. This chapter discusses classification of drilling muds. An investigation on the function of mud cakes on the.
With ongoing application of the then almost exotic salt, some understanding of clay chemistry and the correct chemical jargon became essential for the ambitious mud. The drilling liquid conveys the drill cuttings to the surface. Effect of kaolinite clay on properties of drilling mud gideon majiyebo adogbo, isa mohammed department of chemical engineering, ahmadu bello university zaria, nigeria email. How to drill clay unitracc underground infrastructure. Such clay minerals can be sourced from the clay mineral society usa cms and will have wellcharacterised. Institute of inorganic chemistry, slovak academy of sciences, dubravska. Calcium bentonite as the clay member develops relatively higher green com pression strengths, and sodium bentonite higher dry and hot compression strengths in the sand mixture.
Surface chemistry and rheology of slurries of kaolinite. High performance system promotes increased rates of penetration the unique chemistry of baroids performadril waterbased drilling system provides for a high degree of clay control, wellbore stability, performance based rates of penetration, low coefficients of friction and rheological control over a wide range of temperatures. The water well industry requires drilling fluid products that are multipurpose, easytouse, environmentally acceptable and most importantly, effective. The drilling mud, by hydrostatic pressure, also helps prevent the collapse of unstable strata into the borehole and the intrusion of water from waterbearing. Clay chemistry, fluid dynamics, polymer usage, as well as grouting and hole abandonment will be discussed. Participants will understand how drilling mud can contribute to a smooth drilling operation, whether drilling vertically or horizontally. Johannes karl fink, in petroleum engineers guide to oil field chemicals and fluids, 2012.
Controlling these various clay states in waterbase drilling fluids is important for the success of any well using this chemistry. Drilling mud is a mixture of clay, water, weighting material, and chemicals, used to flush cuttings from the drill bit to the surface. Composition and properties of drilling and completion fluids. Wec weatherford engineered chemistry, world oil world oils fluids 2008. If you can liken the swelling of a wet yellow pages to the swelling of millions and millions of clay particles in your bore, you can soon see how drilling in clay is significantly different than drilling in sand. Cellulose nanocrystals and polyanionic cellulose as. Drilling fluids manual section contents 1 drilling rig and drilling fluid overview 2 clay chemistry. In this research two types montmorilloniteclays clay of the taukentsky field of south kazakhstan and the tagansky field of east kazakhstan are used. Clay chemistry free download as powerpoint presentation.
In the early 1970s potassium, usually as a chloride salt, was added to drilling fluids and found to be an effective inhibitor for clay swelling. In this chapter, types, structures, function mechanisms, performances, and relevant control and adjustment methods of various drilling fluid treatment agents are introduced. Claystabilization problems caused by shales in petroleum activities are not new. The most common use of bentonite is in drilling fluids. The other clay minerals used in this study were unimin kaolin unimin corp. Effect of kaolinite clay on properties of drilling mud gideon majiyebo adogbo, isa mohammed department of chemical engineering, ahmadu bello university zaria, nigeria. Clay chemistry and clay in drilling fluids youtube. In particular, in the north sea and us gulf argillaceous sediment gumbo shale is common and is notorious for. Aade03ntce36 progression of waterbased fluids based. Usually, neither of those disciplines have a great deal of training in the chemistry aspects of drilling and completing a well prior to its going on production. Day 1 basics of drilling fluids functions of drilling fluids composition of waterbased mud clay chemistry rheology after a brief introduction, the first day will focus on the basics of drilling fluids.
The effect of concentration of bt, pac, and cncs on the rheological and filtration properties of paccncbtwdfs was investigated. Jan 03, 2006 if well development has insufficiently removed residues of bentonitebased drilling fluids, the exchange of cations in the clay matrix with possible organic and inorganic constituents occurring in ground water could result in data showing lower or higher constituent concentrations. Accessory minerals include quartz, feldspar and calcite. To overcome the challenge, associating copolymer pamdmdaacbaamps adba of acrylamide am, cationic monomer diallyldimethylammonium chloride dmdaac, hydrophobic.
The structural difference among clays smectite, kaolinite, chlorite, illite determines the surface area exposed to reservoir fluids or stimulating fluids. Amoco production company drilling fluids manual proprietary for the exclusive use of amoco production company and other wholly owned subsidiaries of amoco corporation. It is a multidisciplinary field, involving concepts and knowledge from inorganic and structural chemistry, physical chemistry, materials chemistry, analytical chemistry, organic chemistry, mineralogy, geology and others. The forthcoming era of sustainable development demands the utilization of naturally abundant, sustainable, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly resources for a wide variety of applications. Clay chemistry drilling equipment netwas group oil.
Milwhite mud sales company speaime october 1962 and clay chemistry and. Now, over 50 years later, the same principle of quality and service remains as our operating philosophy and proof of baroid industrial drilling products commitment to the water well industry. Although illite is an aluminum silicate, it is a nonswelling clay. Herein, we report the isolation of chitin nanocrystals chncs from speckled swimming crab shell waste and their novel utilization as rheology modifiers in bentonitewaterbased drilling fluids bt. Shale problems and waterbased drilling fluid optimisation in. Drilling fluids manual section contents 1 drilling rig and drilling fluid overview 2 clay chemistry for. Nov 14, 2014 drilling fluids are critical to success in horizontal directional drilling hdd applications. Viscosity of drilling fluids is not a constant parameter. Effect of drilling mud bentonite contents on the fluid loss and filter cake formation on a field clay soil formation compared to the api fluid loss method and characterized using vipulanandan models. Drilling fluids are critical to success in horizontal directional drilling hdd applications.
Drilling fluid is a major factor in the success of the drilling. Drilling engineers with a basic knowledge of well design principles. Irregardless of interest in oil phase drilling fluids the fact remains, however, that. Some clays are used in drilling fluids to form an impermeable mudcake to isolate a formation from the invasion of drilling fluid.
Drilling fluids, also called drilling mud, in petroleum engineering, a heavy, viscous fluid mixture that is used in oil and gas drilling operations to carry rock cuttings to the surface and also to lubricate and cool the drill bit. The petroleum industry in general has been dominated by engineers and production specialists. When the clay aggregation platelet does not hydrate, the state is the same as it is in the sack. Introduction iadc international association of drilling.